Principles of study design in environmental epidemiology.

Principles of Study Design in Environmental Epidemiology.d..

This paper discusses the principles of study design and related methodologic issues in environmental epidemiology. Emphasis is given to studies aimed at evaluating causal hypotheses regarding exposures to suspected health hazards. Following background sections on the quantitative objectives and methods of populationbased research, we present the major types of observational designs used in envi...

Investigating light disadvantages of design in the city historic texture environment(case study of sheikh lotfollah mosque in Isfahan.

  In the light of environmental graphics consists of two source of natural light and artificial light .The natural light is provided  by the sun . An unpredictable thing that can not be easily controlled, and we are bound to build our environment around it .Artificial light is taken from the technology response in line with the human need to turn their world after dark. Artificial light can be...

Reflection of Principles of Iranian Vernacular Music and Ritual Ceremonies in Designing Urban Spaces

New urbanism approach and urban space in mega cities

New Urbanism design principles have been adopted for many urban planning efforts in recent years. The purpose of this paper is studding the structure and space of Shahid Beheshti Square as one of the most important and old squares of Tabriz from the view of new urbanism principals. In order to reaching this purpose the data were collected through a questionnaire distributed among peoples that a...

A Comparison of Case-Control and Case-Only Designs to Investigate Gene-Environment Interactions Using Breast Cancer Data

Background: The traditional methods of studying the gene-environment interactions need a control group. However, the selection of an appropriate control group has been associated with problems. Therefore, new methods, such as case-only design, have been created to study such interactions. The objective of this study was to compare the case-only and case-control designs using data from patients ...